![]() ![]() Therefore, their effects must be viewed on a complex background of cotreatment-induced dysbiosis. Drugs such as cocaine, alcohol, opiates, and psychostimulants also modify the gut microbiome. Few factors alter the structure and composition of the gut microbiome more than antibiotics and a high-fat diet, and butyrate is an endogenous product of bacterial fermentation. This review article casts these approaches in a different light and makes a compelling case for gut microbiome modulation of SUDs. High-fat diets have been used to alter drug reward because of the extensive overlap of the circuitry mediating them. Sodium butyrate has been used as a histone deacetylase inhibitor to prevent drug-induced epigenetic alterations. β-Lactam antibiotics have been employed to increase glutamate transporter expression to reverse relapse-induced release of glutamate. However, a significant body of research has accumulated over the past decade that has unwittingly provided strong support for gut microbiome participation in drug reward. Studies of the mechanisms underlying SUDs have naturally focused on CNS reward circuits. Substance use disorders (SUDs) remain a serious threat to the public well-being, yet gut microbiome involvement in drug abuse has received very little attention. ![]() The gut microbiome modulates neurochemical function and behavior and has been implicated in numerous central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including developmental, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. ![]()
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